ABSTRACT
Objective:To assess parents' attitude toward EPI [Expanded program on Immunization] in three Tertiary Care Hospitals of Karachi
Materials and Methods:This cross sectional hospital based study was conducted at three tertiary care hospitals of Karachi,PNS SHIFA Hospital, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center [JPMC] and Liaquat National Hospital [LNH] from a period of 20th July to 20th September, 2015. A structured questionnaire based interview was conducted on150 parents of children less than 5 year of age visiting for vaccination at these three tertiary care hospitals.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23
Results:A total of 150 parents were interviewed, out of which 93 [62.0%] parents vaccinated their child immediately after birth, 148[98.7%] parents considered EPI as beneficial for their child's health, 113 [75.3%] parents were found to be aware of the complete vaccination schedule, 56[37.3%] parents had appropriate knowledge regarding vaccines and diseases enlisted on the EPI card, 139 [92.7%] parents kept the record of vaccination schedule, 143[95.3%] parents didn't ignored vaccination due to increased number of children and 21[14%]parents had fear regarding vaccination program
Conclusion:Parent's attitude toward EPI was positive. However, knowledge about vaccines and diseases and vaccines enlisted on EPI card was low
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the sensitivity and specificity of SAAG in predicting the presence of esophageal varices and to find out the association between level of SAAG and increase in portal vein diameter
Study design: prospective-observational study
Place and duration of study: medical Unit III, JPMC Karachi from August 1999 to March 2000
Patients and methods: patients with ascites were selected on the basis of selection criteria demonstrated by history, physical examination and ultrasonography. Ascetic fluid aspirated for DR and albumin, and simultaneously blood sample taken for total protein and albumin estimation at the time of paracentesis. After determining the level of SAAG upper GI endoscopy was performed. To determine the cause of ascites detailed history was taken and relevant investigations were carried out. At the end of our study sensitivity and specificity of serum ascites albumin gradient were determined in comparison of endoscopy findings
Results: among 50 subjects SAAG more than 1.1-g/dl was found in 30 [60%] patients and less than 1.1-g/dl in 20 patients [40%] of total 50 patients. Out of 30 patients with gradient more than 1.1-g/dl esophageal varices present in 27 patients and portal vein diameter more than 1.3-cm present in 24 patients. The commonest cause of ascites among subjects with SAAG more than 1.1-g/dl was chronic liver disease with portal hypertension and the commonest cause of ascites among SAAG less than 1.1-g/dl was abdominal tuberculosis. The sensitivity and specificity of SAAG were 100% and 87.8% respectively
Conclusion: serum ascites albumin gradient is a reliable marker to differentiate ascites into portal hypertensive and non-portal hypertensive etiology. Based upon our finding we conclude that the presence of esophageal varices is significantly associated with high SAAG levels